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Lipid-based nanostructures
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Liposomes;
solid lipid nanoparticles; lipid emulsions
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Easy preparation, with good biocompatibility and biodegradability.
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Limited stability, easy leakage of payloads, and rapid clearance.
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Polymer-based nanomaterials
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Natural or naturally derived polymers: chitosan,
poly-l-lysine, atelocollagen, etc.
Synthetic polymers: PLGA, PEI, PVA, PLA, PEG, etc.
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Good biocompatibility and biodegradability for natural or naturally derived polymers, low cost of production, stimulation of drug release, easy modification.
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Nondegradable for some responsive polymers, dose-dependent toxicity.
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Inorganic NPs
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MSNs, CNTs, QDs, and metal nanoparticles (e.g., iron oxide and gold nanoparticles)
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Easy surface modification, good reproducibility, and easy cell uptake.
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Non-biodegradability, potential toxicity.
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Bio-inspired nano-vehicles
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DNA-based nanostructures,
exosome-mimetic nanovesicles, red blood cell member-based ghosts.
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Good biodegradability, low toxicity, strong targeting and low immune induction.
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High cost, stability concern.
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