1-Ethynyl-dSpace is an applicable alkyne modifier that can be placed in any position within an oligonucleotide. Multiple advances have been developed to analyze the molecular dynamics of biomolecules. One approach is developing microscopic methods to view molecular components within (or outside) cells in 3D since the conventional 2D viewing process (using flat glass slides) requires cell attachment, affecting biological processes. Progress in labeling techniques of proteins now allows visualization of proteins inside living cells for real-time viewing. An example is the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Nobel Prize 2008) as a reporter for cancer metastasis visualization (Hoffman et al., 2015). Nevertheless, the application of GFP has limitations as its bulky nature may interfere with tagged proteins’ function; further, it cannot label biological molecules other than protein. A bi-orthogonal approach was developed, which involves a chemical reaction between a protein with a functional group and a probe with a reactive group. Here, ‘click chemistry’ (a term coined by the Nobel laureate B. Sharpless) has been instrumental as it occurs in a cellular milieu without toxic byproducts (Kolb et al., 2001).

The click reaction allowed labeling the insulin receptor in vivo by first introducing a stop codon mutation, second incorporating a noncanonical amino acid containing an alkyne group using artificial ‘suppressor tRNA, and the reaction with a dye having an azide group (Nikic et al., 2015). Anti-HIV drugs have also been developed (Whiting et al., 2006).

Click chemistry also allowed the synthesis of oligonucleotides with an artificial triazole-bridged nucleobase by reacting 1-ethynyl-2deoxy-b-D-ribofuranose (1-Ethynyl dSpacer) with an azide-containing base.

The resulting analogs, i.e. dG:G-clamp (Lin et al., 1998) and dG:pyrrolo-dC G-clamp (Ming et al, 2012), exhibited increased duplex stability due to the formation of extra H-bonds when base-paired with guanine. As the presence of a single mismatch at/adjacent to triazole G-clamp destabilized the hybridization bonds strongly, it allows the detection of DNA mismatches (Efthymiou et al., 2012).

Bio-Synthesis, Inc. offers a wide selection of modified nucleosides, including 1-Ethynyl dSpacer.

Please note: Bio-Synthesis does not offer Copper based Click Chemistry, we only offer Cooper free click chemistry.
For Copper based Click Chemistry please contact baseclick GMBH.