2'-Deoxyxanthosine (dX)
2'-Deoxyxanthosine (dX) is a modified purine nucleoside in which the natural guanine base has undergone deamination to form xanthine. Although relatively uncommon in normal DNA, xanthine can arise through spontaneous or chemically induced deamination and is therefore considered an important DNA damage product. Synthetic oligonucleotides containing dX enable researchers to investigate DNA repair pathways, replication fidelity, mutagenesis, and the structural consequences of damaged nucleobases.
The altered hydrogen-bonding properties of xanthine affect its interactions with complementary bases and can influence DNA duplex stability and enzyme recognition. Depending on the sequence context, dX may pair with cytosine or exhibit non-canonical pairing behavior, making it a valuable probe for studying base-pair discrimination by DNA polymerases and DNA repair enzymes.
Because xanthine is generated during nitrosative and oxidative DNA damage, dX-containing oligonucleotides are widely used to investigate the mechanisms of base excision repair (BER), DNA glycosylase recognition, DNA replication, and DNA damage tolerance. They are also useful in structural biology and mechanistic enzymology for examining how modified bases influence nucleic acid structure and function.
Typical applications include:
- DNA damage research
- DNA deamination studies
- Base excision repair (BER)
- DNA glycosylase studies
- DNA polymerase fidelity
- Mutagenesis research
- Structural biology
- Nucleic acid chemistry
- DNA repair enzyme characterization
- Mechanistic enzymology
Bio-Synthesis offers custom 2'-deoxyxanthosine-containing DNA oligonucleotides synthesized by standard solid-phase phosphoramidite chemistry. dX may be incorporated at specific positions within custom DNA sequences and combined with numerous additional modifications, including fluorophores, quenchers, biotin, amino modifiers, thiol modifiers, click chemistry handles, PEG linkers, and other custom conjugates.
Each modified oligonucleotide is manufactured under stringent quality standards and is available with optional desalting, HPLC purification, or PAGE purification, together with analytical characterization by LC-MS, MALDI-TOF, capillary electrophoresis, and additional quality control testing as required.
| Property |
Typical Value |
| Modification |
2'-Deoxyxanthosine (dX) |
| Base Family |
Modified purine nucleobase |
| Origin |
Deamination product of guanine |
| Base Type |
Xanthine analog |
| Sugar |
2'-Deoxyribose |
| Typical Pairing |
Primarily with cytosine; non-canonical pairing may occur |
| Compatible Oligos |
DNA oligonucleotides |
| Typical Applications |
DNA damage studies, DNA repair, polymerase fidelity, mutagenesis, structural biology |
Product Information
-20°C To -70°C
Oligonucleotides are stable in solution at 4°C for up to 2 weeks. Properly reconstituted material stored at -20°C should be stable for at least 6 months. Dried DNA (when kept at 20°C) in a nuclease-free environment should be stable for years.
References/Citations:
- Kamiya H. Mutagenic potentials of damaged DNA bases: xanthine and other deamination products. Nucleic Acids Research.
- Kino K, Sugiyama H. DNA damage induced by oxidation and deamination: biological consequences and repair. Mutation Research.
- Blackburn GM, Gait MJ, Loakes D, Williams DM. Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology. 3rd ed. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2006.
- Herdewijn P. Modified Nucleosides in Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Medicine. Wiley-VCH; 2008.
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