Frequently Asked Questions

Mix both: 2′‑F increases A‑form bias and T_m; 2′‑OMe is helpful for safety and reduces off‑targeting, especially in the seed region.

Termini (5′/3′) minimize impact on hybridization and are easiest to QC. Internal placement is possible with appropriate spacers (e.g., PEG) but should be piloted to confirm T_m and activity.

Use cleavable (disulfide, hydrazone, dipeptide/self‑immolative) when intracellular release is needed; choose non‑cleavable when maximal durability is required.

Choose lipids that match the target tissue and delivery route (e.g., GalNAc for liver). Validate PK/PD, assess immunogenicity, and consider LNP or micelle formulation for certain lipids (DSPE-PEG, DAG, phospholipids).

Use dark quenchers with tight spectral separation and verify droplet reader channels. Pilot dye-quencher combinations under final reaction conditions.

 Many designs can combine 2′→5′ linkages with fluorescent labels, quenchers, biotin, amino modifiers, thiol modifiers, click handles or spacers, but compatibility should be reviewed during design.

 PCR compatibility depends on modification placement, primer design, polymerase tolerance, and the intended amplification strategy. Modified oligos should be experimentally validated in the target PCR system before routine use.

Yes. Research-grade acetylated peptides are typically chemically synthesized so acetylation is installed at defined residue positions and stoichiometry. Synthetic acetylated peptides avoid heterogeneity and are preferred for mechanistic studies, quantitative LC–MS workflows, and assay controls.

 Yes. Depending on the sequence, modification and application, purification may include desalting, HPLC, PAGE or other fit-for-purpose workflows with analytical QC documentation.

Toxicity depends on sequence, chemistry, delivery method, and concentration. PS-ASOs may bind non-specifically to proteins and activate immune receptors.

Yes. Choose **non-overlapping dyes**, balance brightness across channels, and validate NTC/no-probe controls for flat baselines.

Often yes. The extra constraints can reduce protease-sensitive conformations and improve structural persistence, though final stability depends on sequence, bridge chemistry, and assay environment.

No. Lysine-based MAP peptides are common, but branched peptides can also be designed using alternative diamino acid branch points (Dap/Dab/Orn), dendrimeric or small-molecule cores, and post-synthetic branching chemistries (e.g., cysteine/thioether or click chemistry). The best strategy depends on the required spacing/geometry, steric congestion risk, solubility, stability, and your downstream application.

Yes. CPPs are peptides (not small molecules), but they are widely grouped under delivery modifiers because they enhance cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking. CPP–oligo conjugates are common for splice-switching oligos (SSO), PMO, and peptide–PMO programs.

Cleavable linker concepts (e.g., enzyme-, pH-, or redox-responsive) can be evaluated when controlled payload release is desired. Linker selection is guided by the oncology drug, peptide sequence, and intended biological environment.

Yes. Dendrimers are dendritic polymer architectures with highly branched, tree-like structures and many terminal functional groups.

 Yes. Deuterated oligos are well suited for isotope-dilution LC-MS methods because they provide a defined mass offset while preserving the parent oligonucleotide sequence.

Intended use depends on your final application and regulatory pathway. This page describes quality system and documentation support; please discuss your intended use and requirements with our team so we can align the appropriate grade and deliverables.

 Yes. Many electrochemical oligonucleotide sensors use gold electrodes with thiol or other surface-attachment strategies. Surface chemistry should be planned together with the redox label.

 Yes. Fluorophore- and quencher-modified probes can be purified by appropriate methods such as HPLC or PAGE depending on sequence, modification and application requirements.